{"id":112,"date":"2023-09-02T10:53:09","date_gmt":"2023-09-02T08:53:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/v4.sly-second.tech\/?page_id=112"},"modified":"2023-09-02T15:21:44","modified_gmt":"2023-09-02T13:21:44","slug":"biographie","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/v4.sly-second.tech\/index.php\/biographie\/","title":{"rendered":"Biographie"},"content":{"rendered":"

[et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”4.16.0″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16.0″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16.0″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_accordion _builder_version=”4.16.0″ _module_preset=”default” hover_enabled=”0″ global_colors_info=”{}” sticky_enabled=”0″][et_pb_accordion_item title=”Naissance et origine” open=”on” _builder_version=”4.16.0″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

Biographie<\/h2>\n
\n

 <\/p>

Robert Nesta Marley<\/a><\/span>\u00a0est n\u00e9 le\u00a0<\/a><\/span>\u00a0dans la ferme de ses grands-parents maternels, Omeriah Malcolm et Albertha Whilby, tous deux\u00a0Afro-Carib\u00e9ens<\/a>, planteurs de caf\u00e9, bananes, piments,\u00a0etc.<\/abbr>, \u00e0 Rhoden Hall, pr\u00e8s de\u00a0Nine Miles<\/a>, dans la\u00a0paroisse de Saint Ann<\/a>, connue comme la\u00a0maison natale de Bob Marley<\/a>, et dans laquelle il passa son enfance, d’une m\u00e8re \u00e2g\u00e9e de 18 ans,\u00a0Cedella Malcolm<\/a>, sixi\u00e8me fille des Malcolm, \u00e9pouse Marley puis Booker, (1926-2008), et d’un p\u00e8re blanc, d’origine anglaise. N\u00e9 en Jama\u00efque, alors colonie britannique, \u00e2g\u00e9 de 59 ans au moment de la naissance de son fils, Norval Sinclair Marley (1885\u20131955), qui pr\u00e9tendait avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 capitaine des\u00a0Royal Marines<\/a>, se faisait appeler \u00ab\u00a0Capitaine\u00a0\u00bb, et \u00e9tait contrema\u00eetre de plantation (\u00ab\u00a0Il supervisait la subdivision de terres rurales\u00a0\u00bb<\/a><\/span>). Robert a tr\u00e8s peu connu son p\u00e8re, souvent en voyage, et dont la famille d\u00e9sapprouvait le mariage, mais lui apportait cependant le soutien financier (irr\u00e9gulier) n\u00e9cessaire \u00e0 Cedella et \u00e0 son fils<\/a><\/span>. Les grands-parents paternels de Bob sont Albert Thomas Marley, anglais du\u00a0Sussex<\/a>, et Ellen Broomfield, originaire du\u00a0Levant<\/a>\u00a0n\u00e9e en Jama\u00efque. D’apr\u00e8s Michael George Marley (fils de Noel Marley, lui-m\u00eame fr\u00e8re de Norval Marley), qui l’aurait appris de sa famille, puis v\u00e9rifi\u00e9, les Marley seraient des\u00a0Juifs<\/a>\u00a0syriens<\/a>\u00a0pass\u00e9s par l’Angleterre<\/a>\u00a0avant de s’installer en Jama\u00efque<\/a><\/span>\u00a0(\u00c0 noter que Christopher Marley, de la famille c\u00f4t\u00e9 Norval Marley, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9, lui\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0La famille de Norval Marley n’a jamais \u00e9t\u00e9 syrienne\u00a0\u00bb<\/a><\/span>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

[\/et_pb_accordion_item][et_pb_accordion_item title=”P\u00e9riode ska” open=”off” _builder_version=”4.16.0″ _module_preset=”default” hover_enabled=”0″ global_colors_info=”{}” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n

<\/h3>\n
\"Fronton<\/a><\/figure>\n
Fronton du\u00a0\u00ab\u00a0Caf\u00e9 One Love\u00a0\u00bb<\/i>\u00a0de la\u00a0maison natale de Bob Marley<\/a>\u00a0de\u00a0Nine Miles<\/a>.<\/figure>\n

\u00c0 l’adolescence, Bob Marley suit sa m\u00e8re qui quitte la mis\u00e8re de la campagne pour celle du ghetto de\u00a0<\/span>Trenchtown<\/a>\u00a0<\/span>\u00e0\u00a0<\/span>Kingston<\/a>. Ayant arr\u00eat\u00e9 l’\u00e9cole \u00e0 14 ans, il retrouve \u00e0 Kingston Neville Livingston, dit plus tard\u00a0<\/span>Bunny Wailer<\/a>, qu’il connait depuis l’enfance \u00e0 Nine Miles, et y rencontre Winston Hubert McIntosh, dit\u00a0<\/span>Peter Tosh<\/a>, avec qui il chante des cantiques et des succ\u00e8s de\u00a0<\/span>soul am\u00e9ricaine<\/a>\u00a0<\/span>qu’ils entendent sur les radios de Miami. Le chanteur\u00a0<\/span>Joe Higgs<\/a>, qui vit lui aussi \u00e0 Trenchtown, leur donne des cours de chant et les fait beaucoup progresser. Bob Marley enregistre sa premi\u00e8re chanson\u00a0<\/span>Judge Not<\/i>\u00a0<\/span>pour le producteur\u00a0<\/span>Leslie Kong<\/a>, du label\u00a0<\/span>Beverley’s<\/a>, en\u00a0<\/span>1962<\/a>, \u00e0 l’\u00e2ge de 17 ans, ainsi qu’une reprise d’un succ\u00e8s de\u00a0<\/span>country<\/a>\u00a0<\/span>de Claude Gray\u00a0<\/span>:\u00a0<\/span>One Cup of Coffee<\/i>\u00a0<\/span>en 1962. Ces titres n’ont que peu de succ\u00e8s, mais il continue \u00e0 s’investir dans la musique.<\/p>\n

Bob Marley commence sa carri\u00e8re musicale en 1962. En\u00a0<\/span>1963<\/a>, il forme avec Neville O’Reilly Livingston (plus tard\u00a0<\/span>Bunny Wailer<\/a>) et Wynston Hubert McIntosh (plus tard\u00a0<\/span>Peter Tosh<\/a>) un trio vocal sur le mod\u00e8le des groupes vocaux am\u00e9ricains comme les Impressions. Le trio est tout d’abord appel\u00e9 les Wailing Wailers, avant de finir par s’appeler\u00a0<\/span>The Wailers<\/a>\u00a0<\/span>(les g\u00e9misseurs). Le groupe int\u00e8gre aussi\u00a0<\/span>Junior Braithwaite<\/a>\u00a0<\/span>ainsi que, comme \u00ab\u00a0<\/span>Waillers Minute\u00a0<\/span>\u00bb, Beverley Kelso et Cherry Green<\/a><\/span>. Ils obtiennent un contrat avec\u00a0<\/span>Studio One<\/a>\u00a0<\/span>en\u00a0<\/span>1964<\/a>\u00a0<\/span>et leurs premiers morceaux de\u00a0<\/span>ska<\/a>,\u00a0<\/span>gospel<\/a>,\u00a0<\/span>rhythm and blues<\/a>\u00a0<\/span>et soul sont produits par le grand producteur local\u00a0<\/span>Clement \u00ab\u00a0<\/span>Sir Coxsone\u00a0<\/span>\u00bb Dodd<\/a>, qui a pour assistant en studio\u00a0<\/span>Lee \u00ab\u00a0<\/span>Scratch\u00a0<\/span>\u00bb Perry<\/a>\u00a0<\/span>(Scratch assure aussi la promotion). Coxsone Dodd et les Wailers signent un contrat pour cinq ans. En f\u00e9vrier 1964, le titre\u00a0<\/span>Simmer Down<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>(en)<\/span><\/a><\/i>\u00a0<\/span>cartonne et devient\u00a0<\/span>no<\/sup><\/abbr>\u00a0<\/span>1<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>en Jama\u00efque\u00a0<\/span>:\u00a0<\/span>80\u00a0000\u00a0copies<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>du titre sont vendues<\/a><\/span>. C’est un acte politique au sens noble du terme, appel \u00e0 cesser les luttes fratricides entre ghettos et \u00e0 l’union pour lutter contre la mis\u00e8re. Les Wailers enregistrent\u00a0<\/span>Rude Boy<\/i>,\u00a0<\/span>I’m Still Waiting<\/i>,\u00a0<\/span>Put It On<\/i>\u00a0<\/span>et une premi\u00e8re version de\u00a0<\/span>One Love<\/i>. Bob Marley quitte son m\u00e9tier de soudeur. Apr\u00e8s l’album intitul\u00e9\u00a0<\/span>The Wailin’ Wailers<\/i>\u00a0<\/span>en 1965, le trio se s\u00e9pare de Coxsone, qui ne leur a pas vers\u00e9 grand-chose en contrepartie des dizaines de titres qu’ils ont enregistr\u00e9s pour lui<\/a><\/span>.<\/p>\n

Tout au long de leur carri\u00e8re en trio, puis en solo, les Wailers feront les frais de producteurs, managers et autres proches mal intentionn\u00e9s qui n’auront aucun scrupule \u00e0 les d\u00e9pouiller, la pratique musicale \u00e0 cette \u00e9poque en Jama\u00efque n’\u00e9tant pas aux d\u00e9p\u00f4ts l\u00e9gaux et aux contrats \u00e9crits, la plupart des engagements se faisant sous forme de \u00ab\u00a0<\/span>deals\u00a0<\/span>\u00bb verbaux. Ainsi, les Wailers et plus tard Bob Marley se sont fait all\u00e8grement arnaquer, notamment par Coxsone Dodd, Duke Reid, Lee \u00ab\u00a0<\/span>Scratch\u00a0<\/span>\u00bb Perry, Leslie Kong, Danny Sims et autres Mortimo Planno, Allan \u00ab\u00a0<\/span>Skill\u00a0<\/span>\u00bb Cole, Don Taylor,<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>etc.<\/abbr>\u00a0<\/span>Des volumes financiers qui, si l’on devait faire les comptes des arri\u00e9r\u00e9s de \u00ab\u00a0<\/span>royalties\u00a0<\/span>\u00bb et autres d\u00e9tournements de recettes, devraient \u00eatre finalement assez vertigineux.<\/p>\n

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Biographie   Robert Nesta Marley\u00a0est n\u00e9 le\u00a06 f\u00e9vrier 1945\u00a0dans la ferme de ses grands-parents maternels, Omeriah Malcolm et Albertha Whilby, tous deux\u00a0Afro-Carib\u00e9ens, planteurs de caf\u00e9, bananes, piments,\u00a0etc., \u00e0 Rhoden Hall, pr\u00e8s de\u00a0Nine Miles, dans la\u00a0paroisse de Saint Ann, connue comme la\u00a0maison natale de Bob Marley, et dans laquelle il passa son enfance, d’une m\u00e8re \u00e2g\u00e9e […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-112","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\nBiographie - v4sly<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/v4.sly-second.tech\/index.php\/biographie\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Biographie - 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